程序风格的要素-C++风格指南
原著:Neill Kipp
翻译:Panic
2005年3月30日
译者序:这是一篇写于1996年1月23日的文章,到现在已经有9个年头了,很陈旧,有可能跟不上形势,但是有些东西仍然值得现在的开发者学习,我翻译这篇文字仅供读者参考。
原文链接:http://{域名已经过期}/reference/articles/article708.asp
文件
头文件有".h"后缀。头文件包含类(class),结构(struct),和联合(union)的声明,枚举(enum)的声明,#define,typedef。
实现文件有一个".cc" (UNIX) 或者".cpp" (Windows, DOS)后缀。实现文件包括函数和方法的实现。
在头文件和源代码文件中安排一个页眉。页眉可以包含标题,作者,日期,和一些工程的信息,比如这个文件是配合整个工程的。
一些名字
通用C++字符的名字:
(注:这些都是符号的英文原名,目前并没有完全标准化的汉语词汇对应,所以后面的翻译只是个人建议)
{
open brace, open curly 左花括号
}
close brace, close curly 右花括号
(
open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号
)
close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号
[
open bracket 左方括号
]
close bracket 右方括号
.
period, dot 句号,点
!
exclamation point, bang, not 叹号,否
|
bar, vertical-bar, or, or-bar (actually a "vertical virgule") 竖线,按位或
&
ampersand, and, reference, ref 和,按位与,引用,取地址
*
asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号,乘号,星,指针
/
slash, divide 斜线,除号
//
slash-slash, comment 双斜线,注释符
#
pound 井号 (宏:#,参考
把符号转化为字符串的宏技巧 )
\
backslash, (sometimes "escape") 反斜线,(有时候做转义符)(还有一个:续行符)
~
tilde 按位取反
基本类型 "char" 通常发音是"charcoal."的首音节。有时念作 "care" 或者 "car."
名字和排版
命名约定的名字
- interspersed_underscores 中间下划线
- lowercaseMixedCapital 小写混合(首字母)大写;
- CapitalMixedCapital (首字母)大写混合(首字母)大写;
- ALL_UPPERCASE 全部大写
命名约定的应用
- enumeration_item_name 枚举,小写加下划线;
- variableName 变量,小写前缀加首字母大写后缀;
- TypeName, ClassName, MethodName() 类型名,类名,方法名,首字母大写前后缀;
- {域名已经过期} Unix/Linux文件名:每个单词首字母大写;
- dosfn.cpp windows/dos文件名:全部小写;
- POUND_DEFINES 宏定义,全部大写;
自成档代码(也就是没有文档,仅靠注释和代码说明的源代码文件)
- 程序中为每个名字使用完整拼写.
避免直接使用数字(Magic number)
- 不允许出现除了0(有时也包括1)之外的数字常量. 使用常变量或者宏定义(#defines).
空白
- 空格(按空格键得到) ;
- 新行(按回车键得到) ;
- 制表符(tab) (用8个空格代替) ;
空白和排版
- 左花括号之后, 每行缩进4个空格直到对应的右花括号出现.;
- 如果if, while, 或 for 后面没有跟花括号, 下一行缩进两个空格;
- 冒号结尾的语句,反向缩进两个空格(public, case);
- 保留字(if, else, class, struct) 前后要加1个空格除非已经因为新行或者特殊标点做了缩进;
- 运算符和比较符前后要有一个空格 (除了!之外);
- 指针变量 (&,*) 声明的时候要前后加一个空格;
- 指针变量 (&,*) 在表达式中,前面(不是后面)要加一个空格llowed) ;
- 左圆括号后要加一个空格;
换行
- 在下面这些关键字后的左花括号后要换行: class, struct, union, enum, method, function (而不是: if, else, do, for, while, switch --- 这些的花括号后只要1个空格.)
- 方法(method),函数( function), if, else, do, for, while, switch的右花括号后要换行;
- class, struct, union的右花括号后要换行并插入新空行。.(原文有写Semi-colon,不理解含义);
- 左花括号后要换行.
注释
- 注释总是从当前缩进开始 "//" 然后紧接一个空格;
- 注释中不允许其他注释;
- 注释要加在注释的对象之后. (译者注:原文 Comments always preceed the construct they address );
- 注释中使用完整语句;
- 用于声明的时候,注释可以使用祈使句;
头文件示例:
// MODULE NAME: ClassName.h // PROJECT: CS1344-1,2 Course Notes // AUTHOR: Neill Kipp // DATE: January 1, 1996 // DESCRIPTION: This file presents examples of naming and // indentation style in a C++ class declaration. This title // information is minimal. // The following prevents files from being included // twice. It is a naming exception designed to emulate a file name // (period is not a name character; underscore is). #ifndef ClassName_h #define ClassName_h // This directive includes the superclass declaration. #include "super.h" // This directive includes another class declaration. #include "other.h" // The comment for an enumeration declaration precedes the declaration. enum OverflowState { // Each item''s comment precedes it at the same indentation as the item. no_overflow, // Follow the last item with a comma; // it helps avoid syntax errors when adding or rearranging items. overflow_occurred, }; // This class shows how naming conventions and comments are used in a // simple class declaration. Whitespace precedes and follows reserved // words (like "public"). class ClassName { // After a brace, indent four spaces. // The description of the variable "memberData" goes here. int memberData; // If a line ends in single colon, reverse-indent two spaces. public: // The constructor gives initial values to member data. ClassName(); // The destructor guarantees clean deallocation. // The tilde (~) is part of the method name. It is not an operator. ~ClassName(); // This method increments the member variable by the value in "howMuch" // and returns TRUE if overflow is detected (FALSE otherwise). Method // comments tell what the method does, what the arguments are, // and what the method returns. OverflowState IncrementMemberVariable( int howMuch); // Prints message about overflow. void ShowOverflow( OverflowState overflow); }; #endif源代码文件示例:
// MODULE NAME: {域名已经过期} // PROJECT: CS1344-1,2 Course Notes // AUTHOR: Neill Kipp // DATE: January 1, 1996 // DESCRIPTION: This file presents examples of naming and // indentation style in a C++ class implementation. This title // information is minimal. // This directive includes header information for the "ClassName" class. #include "ClassName.h" ClassName::ClassName() { // Initialize member data (statement comments are in the imperative, // and preceed the statement). Suggestion: write the comments first, then // write the code. memberData = 0; } // The return type appears on the first line, // followed by the class name colon-colon on the second, // and finally the method name on the last. Then a newline, an open brace // and then indent. Notice the space after the open parenthesis. It helps // the eye catch the type name. OverflowState ClassName::IncrementMemberVariable( int howMuch) { // Check the overflow condition. if ( TOO_BIG - memberVariable > howMuch) { // If overflow, return that overflow occurred. return overflow_occurred; } else { // Otherwise, return overflow is ok. return overflow_none; } } // This code implements the ShowOverflow method. void ClassName::ShowOverflow( OverflowState overflow) { // Switch is a reserved word. It is followed by a space. switch ( overflow) { // Lines ending in a colon reverse indent two spaces. case no_overflow: // Display message about no overflow. cout << "No overflow occurred.\n"; break; case overflow_occurred: // Display message that overflow occurred. cout << "Warning: overflow occurred.\n"; break; } }其他例子:
// Note the spacing and indentation in the for statement. for ( whichItem = 0; whichItem < BIG_NUMBER; whichItem++) { DoSomething( whichItem); } // Bang is not followed by a space. while ( !SemaphoreOK()) { DoWaitForSemaphore( LONG_TIME); }
